Design of the cross flow runner

The equations in this section are taken from:

• Arter, A., Meier, U., Harnessing Water Power on a Small Scale Hydraulics Engineering Manual(SKAT)
• Mockmore, C. A. Prof CEng, Merryfield, F. Prof CEng, The Banki Water Turbine, 1949
• Harvey, A, Micro Hydro Design Manual, (1993), ISBN 1-85339-103-4

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Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG) Construction Manual

Hugh Piggott - Scoraig Wind Electric - February 2001

This manual describes how to build a 'permanent magnet generator' (PMG). We can also call it an 'alternator', because it generates alternating current (AC). It will not generate 'mains voltage' or 'utility power' AC. It generates low voltage, 'three phase' AC, and then changes it into 'direct current' (DC) for charging a 12 volt battery.

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Hydraulic losses in a penstock

Hydraulic losses in a penstock reduce the effective head in proportion to the length and approximately as the square of the water velocity.

Here you can download the way of calculation in xls